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Fig. 1 | Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Fig. 1

From: Gut microbial dysbiosis after traumatic brain injury modulates the immune response and impairs neurogenesis

Fig. 1

Microbial dysbiosis prior to and during TBI exacerbates neurodegeneration and fear memory alterations. a Experimental design. Graphs depict b Richness index and c Shannon diversity index. Genera with a frequency > 3% annotated, mean values are plotted ± SEM, unpaired t-test, **** p < 0.0001, n = 9–25 per group. d Representative image of NeuN + cells in CA3 region of injured hippocampi (indicated by the dotted line) and e stereological quantification. f Representative images of Iba1 + cells in the CA3 region of ipsilateral hippocampi (indicated by the dotted line) and g stereological quantification. Scale bars are 250 µm. Mean values are plotted ± SEM, unpaired t-test **p < 0.01, n = 8–9 per group. h Fear conditioning scheme. Quantification of % total freezing time i conditioning, j contextual memory and k cued memory. Mean values are plotted ± SEM, unpaired t-test, *p < 0.05, n = 4–5 per group. Abbreviations: VNAM, vancomycin, neomycin-sulfate, ampicillin and metronidazole; CCI, controlled cortical impact

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