Fig. 3

Transcriptomic DGC signatures are associated with immune responses and macrophage signatures. a Bar graph showing the normalized enrichment score (NES) of GSEA analysis of hallmark gene sets upregulated in DGCs compared with GSCs. Twenty-six gene sets were significantly enriched at a false discovery rate (FDR) of < 0.25 and nominal P value of < 0.05 in DGCs. NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus GSE54791. Red bars indicate signatures related to immune responses. b Bar graph showing the NES of GSEA analysis of hallmark gene sets upregulated in DGC-high GBMs (n = 177) compared with DGC-low GBMs (n = 188). Twenty-nine gene sets were significantly enriched at FDR < 0.25 and nominal P value < 0.05 in DGC-high GBMs. TCGA GBM dataset (HG-UG133A, n = 528). Red bars indicate signatures related to immune responses. c Immune scores of DGC-high (n = 177), DGC-medium (n = 163), and DGC-low (n = 188) patients in TCGA GBM dataset (HG-UG133A, n = 528). Violin plots represent the median (thick dotted line) and quartiles (dotted line). ****P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. d Stromal scores of DGC-high, -medium, and -low patients in TCGA GBM dataset (HG-UG133A). Violin plots represent the median (thick dotted line) and quartiles (dotted line). ****P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. e GSEA analysis of various types of immune cell signatures upregulated in DGC-high (n = 177) compared with DGC-low (n = 188) patients in TCGA GBM dataset (HG-UG133A). Red bars indicate FDR < 0.25. f GSEA analysis of macrophage-related signatures upregulated in DGC-high (n = 177) compared with DGC-low (n = 188) patients in TCGA GBM dataset (HG-UG133A)