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Fig. 2 | Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Fig. 2

From: Nilvadipine suppresses inflammation via inhibition of P-SYK and restores spatial memory deficits in a mouse model of repetitive mild TBI

Fig. 2

a Evaluation of the effect of nilvadipine or ARC031 on motor performance. Mice in the r-mTBI-vehicle group showed a significant decrease in their performance compared to the sham-vehicle (\(p<0.001\)). Treatment with nilvadipine ameliorated motor deficits in the r-mTBI mice (r-mTBI-nilvadipine vs. r-mTBI-vehicle, \(p<0.001\)). In r-mTBI mice treated with ARC031, no differences were observed in the latencies compared to the r-mTBI-vehicle (\(p>0.05\)). be Evaluation of spatial learning and memory. b Probe data show that r-mTBI-vehicle mice took more time to locate the target hole compared to the sham-vehicle controls (\(p<0.05\)). Both nilvadipine (\(p<0.01\)) and ARC031 (\(p<0.05\)) treatments in the r-mTBI mice ameliorated impaired memory functions compared to r-mTBI-vehicle (\(p<0.05\)). ce Compared to sham-vehicle, r-mTBI-vehicle mice exhibit learning deficits during the 6 days of acquisition. All injured sham mice travelled greater distance (c, \(p<0.001\); d, \(p<0.001\)) and failed to enter the box (e, days 2–4, \(p<0.01\), days 5–6 \(p<0.001\)) compared to sham-vehicle mice. R-mTBI-nilvadipine/ARC031 mice showed an improvement in all 3 parameters compared to the r-mTBI-vehicle (c cumulative distance \(p<0.01\)/\(p<0.01\), d distance traveled \(p<0.0001\)/\(p<0.0001\), e latency to target box \(p<0.05\)/\(p<0.05\)). Distribution (M-male, F-female): sham-vehicle n = 11 (5M, 6F), r-mTBI-vehicle n = 12 (6M, 6F), sham-nilvadipine n = 12 (6M, 6F), r-mTBI-nilvadipine n = 11 (6M, 5F), sham-ACR031 n = 9 (5M, 4F), r-mTBI-ARC031 n = 9 (5M, 4F). Data are presented as mean \( \pm \) standard error of the mean; significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA and MANOVA

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