Table 2 List of cadaveric controls with recorded clinical features, demonstrating GCD. 50 controls with no history of seizures, that demonstrated presence of at least one type of GCD in the studied hippocampal section obtained from the archives of Seattle Children’s Hospital Department of Pathology (2014–2019), are tabulated. Other related clinical features obtained/analyzed were age of death, gender, post-mortem interval (PMI), presence or absence of GCD subtypes, clinical diagnoses like evidence of malformation/anomaly in the central nervous system (CNS), and/or of other CNS (acquired forms of CNS injury such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), cerebral edema) and non-CNS conditions. GW, gestational weeks; TT, tram-track; DA, disaggregated; mo, months

C-1^a

1 day (37GW)

37GW

F

14 h

N

N

Y

(focal DA)

large occipital encephalocele, focal dysplasia

neuronal disorganization, HIE

multiple congenital abnormalities

C-2A,

C-2B^a

4 weeks (27GW)

31GW

M

32 h

N

Y

Y

–

-

RH-isoimmunization hydrops fetalis, liver failure, respiratory distress

C-3^a

3 weeks (26GW)

29GW

M

23 h

N

Y

Y

–

intraventricular hemorrhage, frontoparietal periventricular leukomalacia

necrotizing enterocolitis and pneumatosis, sepsis

C-4^a

3 weeks

3 weeks

F

57.5 h

N

Y

Y

–

diffuse edema

congenital diaphragmatic hernia, coagulopathy, defects in liver, spleen and kidney

C-5^a

7 weeks (27GW)

28GW

M

12 h

N

Y

Y

–

HIE with periventricular leukomalacia

multi-organ hypoxic ischemic injury

C-6^a

2.5mo (term)

10 weeks

F

12 h

N

Y

Y

–

cerebral atrophy

immunodeficiency disorder of undefined etiology, massive hepatomegaly, active bronchopneumonia, cardiomegaly

C-7^a

15 days (28GW)

30GW

F

6 h

N

Y

Y

–

–

congenital heart disease, acute multifocal pneumonia, congestion and hemorrhage

C-8^a

3mo (35GW)

7 weeks

F

17 h

N

Y

Y

–

cerebral atrophy with HIE, edema

Trisomy 21, severe hepatic fibrosis with cholestasis, pneumonia, cardiac defects, liver and kidney injury

C-9^a

2mo

8 weeks

M

20 h

N

Y

Y

–

remote HIE without acute changes, focal cystic periventricular leukomalacia

neonatal gastroschisis repair, cardiovascular defects

C-10^a

3mo

12 weeks

F

16 h

N

Y

Y

–

subacute HIE with uncal herniation

congenital cardiovascular defects, 15q26-qter deletion, multi-organ hypoxia

C-11^a

7 days (32GW)

33GW

F

15 h

N

Y

Y

–

subdural hematoma, diffuse HIE with widespread gliosis and early mineralization, periventricular leukomalacia, hemorrhage, few pyknotic and karyorrhectic cells noted in hippocampus

cystic necrosis of liver, respiratory failure, congested spleen

C-12^a

2mo (37GW)

5 weeks

F

8 h

N

Y

Y

–

diffuse mild cerebral WM gliosis

complex congenital heart disease, cardiomegaly, aspiration pneumonitis

C-13^a

8 years

8 years

F

7 h

N

N

Y

–

hemorrhagic infarction, mild WM atrophy, DG hypoplasia and neuronal loss, gliosis

methylmalonic acidemia, chronic liver failure, coagulopathy, severe diffuse bronchopneumonia, recurrent fevers

C-14^a

2mo (term)

8 weeks

F

20 h

N

Y

Y

–

remote HIE without acute changes, focal cystic periventricular leukomalacia

neonatal gastroschisis repair, cardiovascular defects, Clostridium infection

C-15^a

18 days

18 days

M

13.5 h

N

Y

Y

–

kernicterus involving hippocampi, diffuse gliosis with periventricular eukomalacia

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, thymic cortical stress

C-16^a

10 weeks (32GW)

2 weeks

M

11 h

N

N

Y

–

–

liver dysfunction of uncertain etiology, cytomegalovirus infection

C-17^a

23 days (25GW)

28GW

M

16.25 h

N

Y

Y

–

severe intracranial hemorrhage

necrotizing enterocolitis, severe pneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage

C-18^a

6 years

6 years

F

68 h

N

Y

Y

–

craniosynostosis surgery

GLIS3 mutation, hepatic fibrosis

C-19^a

6 years

6 years

M

15 h

N

Y

Y

diffuse infiltrating pontine glioma, mild ventriculomegaly

–

–

C-20^b

12 h (38GW)

38GW

M

38.5 h

N

Y

Y

–

HIE

asystole at birth, bilaterallydilated ureters and bladder, increased extramedullary hematopoiesis

C-21^a

3 days (38GW)

38GW

M

15.75 h

N

N

Y

–

mild HIE and edema

hemorrhagic and necrotic small bowel, anomalies in alimentary tract, liver failure

C-22^a

8 weeks (34GW)

2 weeks

M

8 h

N

Y

Y

mild ventriculomegaly

mild diffuse gliosis of white matter

Pentalogy of Cantrell, left pulmonary artery stenosis

C-23^a

10 years

10 years

M

11 h

N

Y

Y

–

immunodeficiency, Pseudomonas and Aspergillus infection

C-24^a

3 days (38GW)

38GW

M

15.75 h

N

N

Y

–

mild edema and HIE

hemorrhagic and necrotic small bowel, anomalies in alimentary tract, liver failure

C-25^a

17 years

17 years

M

59 h

N

N

Y

–

–

recurrent B cell lymphoblastic leukemia and aspergillosis

C-26^a

4mo

4mo

M

55 h

N

N

Y

axonal mixed sensory/ motor neuropathy

deafness

growth delay, respiratory distress

C-27^a

2mo (32GW)

term (40GW)

F

58 h

N

N

Y

–

periventricular leukomalacia with acute HIE

cardiopulmonary abnormalities, congenital cardiac anomalies, renomegaly

C-28^a

1 week

1 week

M

45 h

N

N

Y

–

HIE, periventricular leukomalacia with prominent gliosis and neuronal loss

congestion and hemorrhage

C-29^a

10mo

10mo

F

46.5 h

N

N

Y

–

global chronic HIE, hippocampus shows mild loss of neurons in CA1 region

heterotaxy syndrome, complex congenital heart disease

C-30^a

3 years

3 years

M

16.5 h

N

N

Y

–

HIE post cardiac arrest, early necrosis of hippocampus

asthma, acute sepsis, cardiac arrest, stress atrophy

C-31^a

3mo (42GW)

101 days

F

13 h

N

N

Y

–

mild HIE

respiratory distress, pulmonary vein stenosis

C-32^a

14 days (28 week)

30GW

M

16 h

N

N

Y

–

mild HIE, diffuse gliosis in WM

massive subacute hepatic necrosis with iron overload, coagulopathy, chronic neonatal lung disease, multiple organ defects

C-33^a

3 years

3 years

M

20.5 h

N

N

Y

global developmental delay

HIE with edema

myopathy, cardiac failure, respiratory failure, infectious diseases, respiratory distress, sepsis

C-34^a

5weeks (33GW)

39GW

F

84 h

N

N

Y

–

–

necrotizing enterocolitis

C-35^a

18 h

18 h

M

14 h

N

N

Y

–

–

complex congenital heart disease, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, lymphatic distention

C-36^a

17 years

17 years

F

69.5 h

N

Y

Y

medulloblastoma, brain injury related to Aspergillus encephalo-meningitis, lateral ventriculomegaly

widespread brain death

pulmonary thrombi and congestion and hepatosplenomegaly

C-37^a

9 days

9 days

F

31 h

N

N

Y

–

HIE, brain injury

liver steatosis

C-38^a

6 h (41 5/7 GW)

1.5 weeks

F

78 h

N

N

Y

–

HIE

cardiac respiratory failure, coagulopathy, anemia, severe metabolic acidosis, in-utero feto-maternal hemorrhage

C-39^a

16mo

16mo

M

15 h

N

N

Y

–

multifocal brain infarction with global HIE (CA1 dispersed)

diffuse adherent bowel, necrotizing soft tissue infections, cardiac arrest history

C-40^a

4 weeks

4 weeks

F

24 h

N

Y

Y

–

mild HIE with mild gliosis

truncus arteriosus

C-41^a

4 days (27GW)

27GW

F

144 h

N

N

Y

–

widespread HIE

splenic congestion

C-42^a

8 years

8 years

F

15 h

N

N

Y

–

subdural hematoma

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, sepsis, acute kidney injury, cardiac instability

C-43^a

6mo

6mo

M

41.5 h

N

N

Y

–

global remote HIE

Denys-Drash Syndrome, chronic kidney disease, Pseudomonas abscess, multiple cardiac arrests

C-44^a

6 years 6mo

6 years 6mo

F

13 h

N

N

Y

diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

–

–

C-45^a

3 days (40 1/7GW)

40GW

F

40.5 h

N

N

Y

–

–

profound hypoxemic respiratory failure, lung developmental arrest

C-46^a

3 weeks (35GW)

38GW

M

19 h

N

N

Y

–

acute HIE

congenital heart disease, kidney hemorrhage

C-47^a

16 days

16 days

M

10 h

N

N

Y

–

HIE, diffuse WM gliosis, periventricular leukomalacia, subarachnoid hemorrhage

complex congenital heart disease, status post-surgical repair

C-48^a

7 weeks

7 weeks

M

50 h

N

N

Y

–

–

necrotizing enterocolitis

C-49^a

35GW

35GW

M

63 h

N

Y

N

–

–

congenital pulmonary dysplasia, interstitial chromosomal deletion ch17

C-50^a

6 days

6 days

M

69 h

N

Y

N

–

subicular necrosis, acute HIE

22q11.2 chromosomal deletion, DiGeorge syndrome