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Fig. 2 | Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Fig. 2

From: Methylene blue inhibits Caspase-6 activity, and reverses Caspase-6-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in aged mice

Fig. 2

MB treatment reverses memory impairment in human Casp6-expressing mice. a Experimental design for drug administration and behavioral studies. OFT: open field test, NOR: novel object recognition, BM: Barnes maze. b and c NOR discrimination index of pre-treated ACL/G KI/Cre (n = 15) and KI/WT (n = 8), ACL KI/Cre (n = 7) and KI/WT (n = 14),WT/Cre (n = 25), WT/WT (n = 22) (b), vehicle-treated ACL/G KI/WT (n = 4) and KI/Cre (n = 10), ACL KI/Cre (n = 2), ACL KI/WT (n = 6), WT/Cre (n = 12), or WT/WT (n = 12) mice and MB-treated ACL/G KI/Cre (n = 5) and KI/WT (n = 4), ACL KI/Cre (n = 5), ACL KI/WT (n = 8), WT/Cre (n = 13), or WT/WT (n = 10) mice (c). Each mouse tested is represented by one symbol. Bars represent the mean and error bars the s.e.m. Statistical evaluations were conducted with one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc analysis vs WT/WT (b) or vehicle-treated WT/WT (c) **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. d-i Primary latency (d,e,h) and primary errors (f,g,i) during spatial acquisition training in the Barnes maze task in pre-treated (d&f), vehicle-treated (e&g), and MB-treated (h&i) mice. Statistics were done with repeated-measures two-way ANOVA. Time p < 0.003 (d, e, g, h, i), genotype p = 0.03 (d, e, f, g, i). interaction p = 0.03 (g). Post-hoc Dunnett analyses:*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 ACL/G KI/Cre vs WT/WT, #p < 0.05 ACL/G KI/WT vs WT/WT. Probe test primary latency (j&k) and errors (l&m), % visit to each hole: T = target, holes − 1 to − 9 are to the left whereas + 1 to + 9 are to the right of T (n-p), number of total visits (q&r), % visit to the target hole (s&t). One symbol represents individual mous. Bars represent mean and error bars s.e.m. One-way ANOVA p = 0.0248 and p = 0.0005 (m, t), Brown-Forsythe ANOVA p = 0.0008 (s) with Dunnett’s post hoc analysis **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs WT/WT (s) or vehicle-treated WT/WT (t)

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