Fig. 4

Cytokine profile and gene expression analyses of ADR and ADR-treated mice brains receiving PLX5622. a Determination of hippocampal cytokine profile (ELISA) showed significant alterations in the IL-1a, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, MIP-1a, GM-CSF and Rantes (CCL5) levels (pg per ml of hippocampal suspension) in the ADR and ADR + PLX5622 treated brains compared to Controls. b Gene expression analysis of microglial and inflammatory markers from the mice hippocampus show upregulation of pro-inflammatory signatures in the ADR-treated brains. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 3 to 5 mice per group). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01 compared with ADR group. +, P < 0.05; ++, P < 0.003 compared with control group