Fig. 3

CSF1R inhibitor treatment reduces CD68⁺ activated microglia from the ADR-treated hippocampus. Immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy and 3D algorithm-based volumetric quantification show that PLX5622 treatment for 6 weeks significantly reduced CD68⁺ activated microglia (red, CD68; blue, DAPI nuclear counterstain) in the ADR-treated brains. a-c Representative confocal micrographs for CD68 immunostaining from the hippocampal dentate gyrus showing dentate hilus (DH) and granule cell layer (GCL) from the Control and ADR groups receiving control diet and ADR-treated mice receiving PLX5622 diet (insert, magnified image of CD68⁺ cell). d 3D algorithm-based quantification (Autoquant and Imaris) of CD68⁺ activated microglia show > 60% reduction in the ADR + PLX5622 group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 4–6 mice per group). P values were derived from ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. *, ⁺ P < 0.0001 compared with Control and ADR groups respectively. Scale bars, 70 μm, a-c 5 μm, insert