Table 4 Fixative solutions reported by the included studies
From: Perfusion fixation in brain banking: a systematic review
Study | Fixative solution | Buffer | Drive | Time | Amount | Flow rate | Pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adickes 1996 [2] | 10% buffered formalin | NR | Gravity | 15–20 min | 2 l | 100–133 ml/min | 75.6 mmHg (height of 1 m) |
Adickes 1997 [1] | 10% buffered formalin | Phosphate | Gravity | 15–20 min | 2 l | 100–133 ml/min | 75.6 mmHg (height of 1 m) |
Alvernia 2010 [3] | Formaldehyde 37% and ethyl alcohol 10% | NR | Syringe (60 ml) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Beach 1987 [7] | 4% paraformaldehyde (ice cold) | 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | Pump | 40–80 min | 4 l | 50–100 ml/min | NR |
Benet 2014 [9] | 10% formaldehyde | NR | NR | NR | 0.7 l | NR | NR |
Benet 2014 [9] | Custom solution: ethanol 62.4%, glycerol 17%, phenol 10.2%, formaldehyde 2.3%, and water 8.1% | NR | NR | NR | 0.7 l | NR | NR |
Böhm 1983 [12] | 2% glutaraldehyde | 0.2 M phosphate buffer | Gravity | 5–10 min | 5–10 l | ~ 1000 ml/min | 25.7–47.8 mmHg |
Coveñas 2003 [20] | 4% paraformaldehyde | 0.15 M PBS (pH 7.2) | NR | NR | 3 l | NR | “Normal mean arterial pressure” |
de Oliveira 2012 [23] | 20% formalin | NR | Gravity | NR | 5 Ll | NR | NR |
Donckaster 1963 [24] | Cajal fixative: formalin and ammonium bromide | NR | NR | NR | 900 ml (300 ml in children < 12 years old) | NR | < 200 mmHg |
Feekes 2005 [28] | 10% formalin | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Feekes 2005 [28] | 2.5% formaldehyde, 6% isopropyl alcohol, 1% glycerin | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Grinberg 2008 [34] | 10% formalin | None | Gravity | NR | 5 l | NR | 147.4 mmHg (height of 2 m*) |
Grinberg 2008 [34] | 20% formalin | None | Gravity | NR | 5 l | NR | 147.4 mmHg |
Grinberg 2008 [34] | 70% ethanol | None | Gravity | NR | 5 l | NR | 147.4 mmHg |
Grinberg 2008 [34] | Acetic acid-alcohol-formalin | None | Gravity | NR | 5 l | NR | 147.4 mmHg |
Halliday 1988 [35] | 4% formaldehyde, 2% picric acid; followed by 10% sucrose in fixative | 0.1 M sodium phosphate | Pump | NR | 10 l fixative only; 4 l 10% sucrose in fixative | NR | “Normal mean arterial pressure” |
Huang 1993 [40] | 4% paraformaldehyde | 0.1 M phosphate buffer | NR | 83 mins | 10 l | 120 ml/min | NR |
Insausti 1995 [42] | 4% paraformaldehyde (4 °C) or 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.02% picric acid (4 °C) | NR | NR | 120 mins | 4 l or 8 l | 33 or 67 ml/min | NR |
Istomin 1994 [43] | 10–12% formalin | Neutral buffered | Syringe or Gravity | NR | NR | NR | 150 mmHg |
Kalimo 1974 [45] | 1.0% paraformaldehyde, 2.0% glutaraldehyde (37 °C) | 0.1 M cacodylate (pH 7.4) | Gravity | NR | 1.5 l (adult), 0.7 l (newborn) | NR | 132 mmHg |
Latini 2015 [53] | 12% formalin | NR | Infusion device (compressed air mechanism)* | 15–20 min | 2 l | 100–133 ml/min | 1500 mmHg (200 kPa) |
Lin 2000 [57] | 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.2% picric acid, and 0.1% glutaraldehyde | 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Lyck 2008 [58] | 4% formalin | 75 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Masawa 1993 [59] | 4% formalin, 1% glutaraldehyde | 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | NR | NR | 400 ml | NR | 100 mmHg |
Masawa 1994 [60] | 10% buffered formalin | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 100 mmHg |
McGeer 1988 [62] | 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.1% glutaraldehyde | 0.1% phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
McKenzie 1994 [64] | 10% formalin | Neutral buffered | Gravity | 60 mins | 12–14 l | 200–233 ml/min | 75.6 mmHg (height of 1 m) |
Nakamura 1991 [69] | 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.1% glutaraldehyde (ice cold) | 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | Pump | 15 mins | 1 l | 70–80 ml/min | NR |
Pakkenberg 1966 [70] | Alcohol 80% 9 parts, formalin 4% 1 part | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sharma 2006 [79] | 20% formalin | Neutral buffered | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Shinkai 1976 [81] | 2.5% glutaraldehyde containing 0.2 M sucrose | 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sutoo 1994 [85] | 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.2% glutaraldehyde | PBS | NR | 90 mins | 6 l | 67 ml/min | NR |
Suzuki 1979 [86] | 2.5% glutaraldehyde | Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | NR | 5–10 min | NR | NR | NR |
Tanaka 1975 [87] | 2% glutaraldehyde, 1% paraformaldehyde (pH 7.2) | 0.1 M sodium cacodylate | NR | NR | 0.7 l | NR | NR |
Torack 1990 [90] | 4% paraformaldehyde (4 °C) | 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | NR | 30 mins | 1.68 l (560 ml in each artery) | 50 ml/min | “40 lbs. of pressure” |
Turkoglu 2014 [92] | 10% formaldehyde | NR | Gravity | 60 mins | NR | NR | 110.4 mmHg (height of 1.5 m) |
von Keyserlingk 1984 [93] | 1% paraformaldehyde, 1% glutaraldehyde, 1.65% potassium dichromate | 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) | NR | NR | 5 l | NR | NR |
Waldvogel 2006 [96] | 15% formalin | 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) | Pump | 30–45 min | 2 l | ~ 33 ml/min | NR |
Welikovitch 2018 [99] | 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.05% glutaraldehyde, and 0.2% picric acid | 0.1 M phosphate buffer | Gravity* | 90–120 min | 4–5 l | 33–56 ml/min | NR |