Fig. 2

Immunohistochemistry of brain biopsy suggesting T cell-mediated inflammation. a Staining for CD3 shows the presence of large numbers of T cells in the parenchyma. Bar: 10 μm. b Confocal triple staining for CD8 (green), GrB (red) and NeuN (blue) shows multiple appositions (arrowheads) of cytotoxic T cells on neurons. Bar: 20 μm. c and d show the same triple staining for CD8 (green), GrB (red) and NeuN (blue) as (b). The staining in (c) shows that multiple CD8⁺/GrB⁺ T cells can be found in apposition to neurons. The staining in (d) again shows GrB translocation (arrowhead), now facing the neuronal membrane. Bars: 5 μm. e Triple staining for CD8 (green), GrB (red) and ROCK2 (blue) reveals that neurons with appositions of T cells are Rock2 positive. Bar: 20 μm. f Staining for CD68 shows moderate microglia activation. Bar: 5 μm. g Staining for anti-human-Ig shows staining in the parenchyma as a sign of immunoglobulin leakage. Bar: 20 μm (h) Staining for C9neo fails to reveal parenchymal staining. Bar: 50 μm. i TUNEL stain reveals the presence of single degenerating cells in the parenchyma. Bar: 20 μm. j Staining for ROCK2 shows the presence of multiple ROCK2⁺ neurons. The neuron indicated by the arrowhead shows a condensed nucleus suggesting apoptosis. Bar: 10 μm