Fig. 2

HSPB1 expression in white matter MS lesions. Representative images of white matter tissues from non-neurological controls (a) and MS cases (b–h) double labelled for HLA-DR (pink) and HSPB1 (brown). NAWM (b), NAWM surrounding a preactive lesion (c), preactive lesion (d), active lesion (e), chronic active lesion (f- rim, g - centre) and inactive lesions (h) from MS cases. Quantification of HSPB1⁺ cells in lesion areas (i). GFAP⁺ astrocytes co-localise with HSPB1 (j–l), while Olig2⁺ oligodendrocytes (m) or HLA-DR⁺ microglia (m) do not express HSPB1. Percentages of cells in each area (i). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Significance was analysed between the control and NAWM, or the NAWM group and the different lesion types using the Mann-Whitney U test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Scale bar (a–h), (m–n) = 50 μm, (j–l) = 10 μm. CON = control, NAWM = normal appearing white matter, PAL = preactive lesions, A = active lesion, CA = chronic active lesion, IA = inactive lesions