Fig. 3

Astrocyte-axon lactate coupling in MS lesions. LDHA and LDHB proteins were moderately expressed in the NAWM (a,d) and inactive MS lesions (c,f). In active MS lesions intense LDHA (b) and LDHB (e) immunoreactivity was observed. Insets show imunnofluorescence labeling of LDHA (b, green) and LDHB (e) with the astrocytic marker GFAP (red). NAD⁺-dependent LDH activity was increased in active MS lesions but decreased in inactive lesions compared to NAWM (g-i). The quantitative data are shown in (j). Quantification of immunofluorescence double labeling of LDHA and LDHB with respectively GFAP (k) or SMI312 (l) in lesions as compared to NAWM. Staining of MCT2 (m, magenta), SMI312 (n, green), GFAP (o, red) and corresponding overlay (p) in inactive MS lesions. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001