Table 1 Pathology groups and clinical data
From: Evidence for mTOR pathway activation in a spectrum of epilepsy-associated pathologies
Pathology group | Case | Age of onset of seizure (years) | Age at resection (years)/Gender | Outcome | Resection site/Procedure | Main pathology features in section | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = number of cases | (Seizure type) | ||||||
Epilepsy-lesional pathology | HS N = 4 | 1 | 4 (PS, GS) | 34 M | SF | Right ATL | HS ILAE type I: neuronal loss in CA1, CA4, gliosis, granule cell dispersion; mossy fibre sprouting confirmed in 3 cases. |
2 | 6 (PS, GS) | 43 F | NSF | Right ATL | |||
3~ | 1 (PS) | 55 F | NSF | Left ATL | |||
4 | 31 (PS, GS) | 46 M | NSF | Left ATL | |||
HS With dysmorphic neurones n = 5 | 5 | UK | 30 F | NSF | Left ATL | Hippocampal sclerosis (ILAE type I) with dysmorphic neurones in CA4 and balloon cell glia in DG: mossy fibre sprouting confirmed in 3 cases. | |
6 | 12 | 42 F | NSF | Right ATL | |||
7 | 7 (PS, GS) | 31 F | SF | ATL | |||
8 | 25 (GS) | 42 F | SF | Right ATL | |||
9 | 14 (PS, GS) | 54 F | NSF | Right ATL | |||
FCDIIA N = 1 | 10~ | 7 (PS, GS) | 18 F | NSF | Right parietal resection | Dysmorphic neurones; no balloon cells. | |
FCDIIB N = 5 | 11~ | UK (PS, GS) | 26 M | SF | Right temporal lobectomy | Dysmorphic neurones, cortical dyslamination and balloon cells | |
12 | 11 months (PS) | 24 F | SF | Left parietal resection | |||
13~ | 7 (GS) | 34 F | SF | Right frontal resection | |||
14 | 15 months (PS) | 33 F | NSF | Right parietal resection | |||
15 | 5 (PS, GS) | 18 M | NFS | Right parietal resection | |||
FCD IIIA N = 5 | 16 | 12 (PS) | 54 F | SF | Right ATL | Neuronal loss in outer cortical layers with gliosis and reorganisation of layer II neurones | |
17 | 2 (PS) | 34 M | SF | Right ATL | |||
18 | 18 (PS, GS, SE) | 44 M | SF | Left ATL | |||
19 | 8 (PS, GS) | 40 M | SF | Left ATL | |||
20 | 3 (PS, GS) | 19 F | SF | Left ATL | |||
FCD IIIB N = 3 | 21 | 10 months (PS, GS) | 27 F | SF | Left temporal lobectomy | Cortex adjacent to a long-term epilepsy associated tumour (LEAT/DNT) | |
22 | 6 (PS, GS) | 23 M | SF | Right ATL | |||
23 | 7 (PS) | 31 F | SF | Temporal lobectomy | |||
FCD IIID N = 3 | 24 | 3 (PS, GS) | 18 F | NSF | Right hemispherectomy | Cortical disorganisation adjacent to an early infarct | |
25 | 4 (PS) | 23 M | NSF | Left ATL | |||
26 | 11 (PS, GS) | 18 F | NSF | ATL | |||
Rasmussen’s Encephalitis N = 5 | 27 | 11 | 18/F | NSF | Right sided brain biopsy | Active encephalitis* + gliotic atrophic cortex | |
28 | 3 (FS, GS) | 30 M | SF | Right hemispherectomy | Active encephalitis* + neuronal hypertrophy | ||
29 | 14 (FS, GS, EPC) | 18 M | SF | Temporal lobe resection and hemispherectomy | Active encephalitis* + normal cortex and atrophic cortex and frequent dysmorphic neurones | ||
30 | UK | 9 F | NSF | Left temporal lobe resection | Burnt out encephalitis, atrophic cortex | ||
31 | UK | UK | NSF | Cortical resection | Burnt out encephalitis, atrophic cortex | ||
Cortex adjacent to Cavernoma | 32 | 27 (FS) | 30 M | SF | Right temporal lobe resection | Cavernoma with reactive gliosis including ‘balloon cell’ like glia | |
Control-non lesional | Acute ICE injury N = 5 | 11~ | 12 (S, GS) | 26 M | SF | Right temporal lobectomy | Organising electrode track cavity of 8 days |
33 | 15 | 30 F | SF | Left ATL | Organising electrode track cavity of 8 days | ||
10~ | 7 (FS, GS) | 18 F | NSF | Right parietal resection | Organising electrode track cavity of 8 days | ||
12~ | 11 months (FS) | 24 F | SF | Left parietal resection | Organising electrode track cavity of 10 days | ||
13~ | 7 (GS) | 34 F | SF | Right frontal resection | Organising electrode track cavity of 10 days | ||
Epilepsy: Paired samples from different regions according to intracranial recordings. N = 4 | 34 | 6 (GS) | 39M | NSF | Right frontal resection: | No specific pathology- focal inflammation | |
Sample 1. Ictal onset zone | |||||||
Sample 2. Peripheral samples in CUSA specimen | |||||||
35 | 7 (PS, GS) | 25 F | SF | Left frontal lobe resection | No specific pathology | ||
Sample 1. Seizure onset zone | |||||||
Sample 2. Frontal pole; spreading of EEG activity | |||||||
36 | 16 (PS) | 33 M | SF | Right frontal lobe resection | No specific pathology | ||
Sample 1. Ictal onset zone | |||||||
Sample 2. Inferior fronto-orbital; spreading of activity | |||||||
37 | 8 (PS,GS) | 37 M | SF | Right frontal lobe resection | Focal inflammation only | ||
Sample 1. Ictal onset zone | |||||||
Sample 2. Spreading of EEG activity | |||||||
Epilepsy: Pathology negative | 38 | 12 (GS) | 18 M | NSF | Frontal lobe cortex | Pathology negative | |
39 | 18 (PS, GS) | 31M | NSF | ||||
40 | 6 (PS, GS, SE) | 34 M | SF | Temporal lobe cortex | No pathology in temporal lobe; HS in other sample | ||
41 | 6 (PS, GS) | 43 F | SF | ||||
3~ | 1 (PS) | 55 F | NSF | ||||
42 | 31 (PS, GS) | 46 M | NSF | ||||
43 | UK | 40M | UK | ||||
44 | 6 (PS) | 48 F | NSF | ||||
45 | 7 (PS, GS) | 48 M | SF | ||||
Non-Epilepsy Cortex N = 3 | 46 | NA | 37M | NA | Left temporal lobectomy | Metastatic carcinoma | |
47 | NA | 30M | NA | Left temporal lobectomy | Low grade oligo-astrocytoma | ||
48 | NA | 74M | NA | Right temporal lobectomy | High grade astrocytoma |