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Table 1 Comparison of platelet AD biomarker performance by Hedge effect size

From: Platelets, a reliable source for peripheral Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers?

AD platelet biomarkers

Reg. AD

AD

Hedge ES

Controls

Pubmed ID

  

n

Age

MMSE

 

MMSE

Age

n

 

ADAM 10

10a

75 ± 8

16 ± 5

−4.4

27 ± 2

76 ± 7

8

[30]

ADAM 10

11b

76 ± 8

13 ± 5

−2.6

27 ± 2

76 ± 7

8

[30]

ADAM 10

9c

75 ± 8

1 ± 2

−2.0

27 ± 2

76 ± 7

9

[30]

APP total mRNA

20

78 ± 5

17 ± 4

1.8

29 ± 1

76 ± 5

18

[31]

APP KPI mRNA

20

78 ± 5

17 ± 4

1.2

29 ± 1

76 ± 5

18

[31]

APP 115 kDa protein abundance

30

67 ± 10

25 ± 3

1.6

29 ± 1

68 ± 10

23

[32]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

30

67 ± 10

25 ± 3

−2.0

29 ± 1

68 ± 10

23

[32]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

12

71 ± 2

28 ± 2

−1.2

29 ± 2

70 ± 6

10*

[33]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

33

68 ± 6

18 ± 4

−2.4

29 ± 1

63 ± 6

26

[34]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

32

72 ± 10

13 ± 7

−3.0

28 ± 4

68 ± 14

25

[35]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

85

68 ± 0

14 ± 7

−2.4

29 ± 2

n.a.

24

[36]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

23

74 ± 9

19 ± 5

−1.1

29 ± 1

70 ± 6

29

[37]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

66

77 ± 10

14 ± 8

−0.1

29 ± 1

73 ± 11

46

[38]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio

15

n.a

n.a

−1.0

n.a

n.a

19

[39]

APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio (AChE-inhib.)

20

70 ± 10

19 ± 4

−0.4

28 ± 2

70 ± 10

10

[40]

BACE1-β secretase activity

86

80 ± 7

18 ± 5

0.6

29 ± 1

79 ± 8

115

[41]

BACE1-β secretase activity

52*

76

25 ± 1

0.7

30

74

75

[42]

BACE1 whole protein abundance

15

82 ± 5

19 ± 6

−0.9

29 ± 1

80 ± 5

12

[43]

Calcium intracellular

100

68 ± 7

n.a.

2.0

n.a.

65 ± 9

50

[44]

Calcium intracellular female

60

72 ± 7

18 ± 2

1.6

29 ± 1

70 ± 8

25

[45]

Calcium intracellular male

40

66 ± 5

18 ± 3

1.5

29 ± 2

63 ± 4

25

[45]

Coated-platelet levels

10

n.a.

< 20

1.1

n.a.

n.a.

19

[46]

Coated-platelet levels

36*

74 ± 8

28 ± 1

0.5

28 ± 1

73 ± 8.8

30*

[47]

Coated-platelet levels

20

72 ± 10

23 ± 2

0.9

30 ± 0

74 ± 7

40

[48]

Cytochrome c oxidase activity

10

<60

n.a.

−0.8

n.a

61 ± 3

5

[49]

Cytochrome c oxidase activity

10

>60

n.a.

−1.0

n.a

61 ± 3

5

[49]

Cytochrome c oxidase activity

20

65 ± 9

18 ± 5

−4.4

n.a.

63 ± 9

20

[50]

Cytochrome c oxidase activity

22

66 ± 9

17 ± 8

−1.5

26 ± 3

63 ± 9

20

[51]

Cytochrome c oxidase activity

6

n.a.

n.a.

−1.3

n.a.

n.a.

8

[52]

Cytochrome c oxidase activity (Complex IV)

8

78 ± 7

17 ± 7

−1.4

30 ± 1

73 ± 5.7

7

[53]

Cytochrome c oxidase activity (Complex IV)

5*

78 ± 10

26 ± 2

−1.4

30 ± 1

73 ± 5.7

7

[53]

GSK3β Ser-9 phosphorylated/total GSK3β

24

76 ± 4

19 ± 4

−1.1

28 ± 3

71 ± 5

23

[54]

GSK3β Ser-9 phosphorylated/total GSK3β

22*

74 ± 7

26 ± 2

−0.6

28 ± 3

71 ± 5

23

[54]

Hyperacidification after activation

19

71 ± 5

n.a.

4.7

n.a.

61 ± 8

14

[55]

Immunoglobulin

25

78 ± 1

21 ± 1

2.7

28 ± 0

71 ± 2

26

[56]

Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine)

20

81 ± 11

5 ± 7

1.0

28 ± 1

80 ± 11

9

[57]

Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine)

15

68 ± 3

n.a.

1.2

n.a.

54 ± 2

8

[58]

Mao-B activity (benzylamine)

50

68 ± 14

n.a.

2.1

n.a.

64 ± 14

50

[59]

Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine)

11

65 ± 1

n.a.

1.2

n.a.

65

11

[60]

Mao-B activity (kynuramine)

11

64 ± 7

14 ± 4

−0.7

n.a.

64 ± 8

11

[61]

Mao-B protein abundance

34

79 ± 8

5 ± 4

1.4

28 ± 2

79 ± 9

34

[62]

Mean platelet volume

126

76 ± 7

n.a.

0.3

n.a.

75 ± 6

286

[63]

Membrane fluidity

12

72 ± 4

11 ± 2

1.0

n.a.

68 ± 4.5

18

[64]

Membrane fluidity

23

74 ± 9

19 ± 5

−0.5

29 ± 1

70 ± 5.8

29

[37]

Membrane fluidity

24

n.a.

n.a.

−1.6

n.a.

n.a.

36

[65]

Membrane fluidity external

100

68 ± 7

n.a.

0.3

n.a.

65 ± 9

50

[44]

Membrane fluidity in submitoch. particles

30

n.a.

n.a.

−2.3

n.a.

n.a.

30

[66]

Membrane fluidity internal

100

68 ± 7

n.a.

0.8

n.a.

65 ± 9

50

[44]

Na+/K + −ATPase activity

100

68 ± 7

n.a.

−6.0

n.a.

65 ± 9

50

[44]

Na+/K + −ATPase activity female

60

72 ± 7

18 ± 2

−8.5

29 ± 1

70 ± 8

25

[45]

Na+/K + −ATPase activity male

40

66 ± 5

18 ± 3

−7.3

29 ± 2

63 ± 4

25

[45]

NO production

100

68 ± 7

n.a.

6.3

n.a.

65 ± 9

50

[44]

NO production female

60

72 ± 7

18 ± 2

4.5

29 ± 1

70 ± 8

25

[45]

NO production male

40

66 ± 5

18 ± 3

6.5

29 ± 2

63 ± 4

25

[45]

ONOO production

100

68 ± 7

n.a.

6.8

n.a.

65 ± 9

50

[44]

ONOO production female

60

72 ± 7

18 ± 2

8.4

29 ± 1

70 ± 8

25

[45]

ONOO production male

40

66 ± 5

18 ± 3

8.1

29 ± 2

63 ± 4

25

[45]

Phospholipase A2 activity

16

70 ± 11

n.a.

−0.9

n.a.

63 ± 10

13

[67]

Phospholipase A2 activity

21

75 ± 7

14 ± 9

−1.6

28 ± 2

73 ± 5

17

[68]

Phospholipase A2 activity

11*

73 ± 5

25 ± 4

−0.7

28 ± 2

73 ± 5

17

[68]

Phospholipase A2 activity

37

73 ± 6

19 ± 5

0.3

n.a.

72 ± 5

27

[69]

Phospholipase A2 activity

44

75 ± 7

19 ± 5

−0.6

28 ± 4

75 ± 7

66

[70]

Phospholipase A2 activity

59*

72 ± 6

27 ± 3

−0.6

28 ± 4

75 ± 7

66

[70]

Phospholipase C delta protein and activity

10

81 ± 1

1 ± 2

−3.4

1 ± 2

80 ± 2

10

[71]

Serotonin [c]

22

n.a.

n.a.

−1.5

n.a.

n.a.

20

[72]

Serotonin [c]

57

n.a.

n.a.

1.0

n.a.

n.a.

20

[73]

Tau high molecular weight/monomeric tau

15

81

15

1.6

28

68

10

[24]

TRAP-induced CD62P expression [%]

23

70 ± 8

n.a.

−1.2

n.a.

60 ± 10

17

[74]

  1. The Hedge effect size was calculated based on published values of mean, standard deviation, standard error of mean, and sample size. Positive ES indicate up-regulation, negative ES down-regulation in AD patients. aMild AD, bModerate AD, cAdvanced AD, *MCI.