From: Platelets, a reliable source for peripheral Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers?
AD platelet biomarkers | Reg. AD | AD | Hedge ES | Controls | Pubmed ID | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Age | MMSE | MMSE | Age | n | ||||
ADAM 10 | ↓ | 10a | 75 ± 8 | 16 ± 5 | −4.4 | 27 ± 2 | 76 ± 7 | 8 | [30] |
ADAM 10 | ↓ | 11b | 76 ± 8 | 13 ± 5 | −2.6 | 27 ± 2 | 76 ± 7 | 8 | [30] |
ADAM 10 | ↓ | 9c | 75 ± 8 | 1 ± 2 | −2.0 | 27 ± 2 | 76 ± 7 | 9 | [30] |
APP total mRNA | ↑ | 20 | 78 ± 5 | 17 ± 4 | 1.8 | 29 ± 1 | 76 ± 5 | 18 | [31] |
APP KPI mRNA | ↑ | 20 | 78 ± 5 | 17 ± 4 | 1.2 | 29 ± 1 | 76 ± 5 | 18 | [31] |
APP 115 kDa protein abundance | ↑ | 30 | 67 ± 10 | 25 ± 3 | 1.6 | 29 ± 1 | 68 ± 10 | 23 | [32] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↓ | 30 | 67 ± 10 | 25 ± 3 | −2.0 | 29 ± 1 | 68 ± 10 | 23 | [32] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↓ | 12 | 71 ± 2 | 28 ± 2 | −1.2 | 29 ± 2 | 70 ± 6 | 10* | [33] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↓ | 33 | 68 ± 6 | 18 ± 4 | −2.4 | 29 ± 1 | 63 ± 6 | 26 | [34] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↓ | 32 | 72 ± 10 | 13 ± 7 | −3.0 | 28 ± 4 | 68 ± 14 | 25 | [35] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↓ | 85 | 68 ± 0 | 14 ± 7 | −2.4 | 29 ± 2 | n.a. | 24 | [36] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↓ | 23 | 74 ± 9 | 19 ± 5 | −1.1 | 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 6 | 29 | [37] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↔ | 66 | 77 ± 10 | 14 ± 8 | −0.1 | 29 ± 1 | 73 ± 11 | 46 | [38] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio | ↓ | 15 | n.a | n.a | −1.0 | n.a | n.a | 19 | [39] |
APP ratio 130/106-110 kDa ratio (AChE-inhib.) | ↓ | 20 | 70 ± 10 | 19 ± 4 | −0.4 | 28 ± 2 | 70 ± 10 | 10 | [40] |
BACE1-β secretase activity | ↑ | 86 | 80 ± 7 | 18 ± 5 | 0.6 | 29 ± 1 | 79 ± 8 | 115 | [41] |
BACE1-β secretase activity | ↑ | 52* | 76 | 25 ± 1 | 0.7 | 30 | 74 | 75 | [42] |
BACE1 whole protein abundance | ↓ | 15 | 82 ± 5 | 19 ± 6 | −0.9 | 29 ± 1 | 80 ± 5 | 12 | [43] |
Calcium intracellular | ↑ | 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. | 2.0 | n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Calcium intracellular female | ↑ | 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 | 1.6 | 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
Calcium intracellular male | ↑ | 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 | 1.5 | 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
Coated-platelet levels | ↑ | 10 | n.a. | < 20 | 1.1 | n.a. | n.a. | 19 | [46] |
Coated-platelet levels | ↑ | 36* | 74 ± 8 | 28 ± 1 | 0.5 | 28 ± 1 | 73 ± 8.8 | 30* | [47] |
Coated-platelet levels | ↑ | 20 | 72 ± 10 | 23 ± 2 | 0.9 | 30 ± 0 | 74 ± 7 | 40 | [48] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity | ↓ | 10 | <60 | n.a. | −0.8 | n.a | 61 ± 3 | 5 | [49] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity | ↓ | 10 | >60 | n.a. | −1.0 | n.a | 61 ± 3 | 5 | [49] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity | ↓ | 20 | 65 ± 9 | 18 ± 5 | −4.4 | n.a. | 63 ± 9 | 20 | [50] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity | ↓ | 22 | 66 ± 9 | 17 ± 8 | −1.5 | 26 ± 3 | 63 ± 9 | 20 | [51] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity | ↓ | 6 | n.a. | n.a. | −1.3 | n.a. | n.a. | 8 | [52] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity (Complex IV) | ↓ | 8 | 78 ± 7 | 17 ± 7 | −1.4 | 30 ± 1 | 73 ± 5.7 | 7 | [53] |
Cytochrome c oxidase activity (Complex IV) | ↓ | 5* | 78 ± 10 | 26 ± 2 | −1.4 | 30 ± 1 | 73 ± 5.7 | 7 | [53] |
GSK3β Ser-9 phosphorylated/total GSK3β | ↓ | 24 | 76 ± 4 | 19 ± 4 | −1.1 | 28 ± 3 | 71 ± 5 | 23 | [54] |
GSK3β Ser-9 phosphorylated/total GSK3β | ↓ | 22* | 74 ± 7 | 26 ± 2 | −0.6 | 28 ± 3 | 71 ± 5 | 23 | [54] |
Hyperacidification after activation | ↓ | 19 | 71 ± 5 | n.a. | 4.7 | n.a. | 61 ± 8 | 14 | [55] |
Immunoglobulin | ↑ | 25 | 78 ± 1 | 21 ± 1 | 2.7 | 28 ± 0 | 71 ± 2 | 26 | [56] |
Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine) | ↑ | 20 | 81 ± 11 | 5 ± 7 | 1.0 | 28 ± 1 | 80 ± 11 | 9 | [57] |
Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine) | ↔ | 15 | 68 ± 3 | n.a. | 1.2 | n.a. | 54 ± 2 | 8 | [58] |
Mao-B activity (benzylamine) | ↑ | 50 | 68 ± 14 | n.a. | 2.1 | n.a. | 64 ± 14 | 50 | [59] |
Mao-B activity (phenylethylamine) | ↑ | 11 | 65 ± 1 | n.a. | 1.2 | n.a. | 65 | 11 | [60] |
Mao-B activity (kynuramine) | ↔ | 11 | 64 ± 7 | 14 ± 4 | −0.7 | n.a. | 64 ± 8 | 11 | [61] |
Mao-B protein abundance | ↑ | 34 | 79 ± 8 | 5 ± 4 | 1.4 | 28 ± 2 | 79 ± 9 | 34 | [62] |
Mean platelet volume | ↑ | 126 | 76 ± 7 | n.a. | 0.3 | n.a. | 75 ± 6 | 286 | [63] |
Membrane fluidity | ↑ | 12 | 72 ± 4 | 11 ± 2 | 1.0 | n.a. | 68 ± 4.5 | 18 | [64] |
Membrane fluidity | ↔ | 23 | 74 ± 9 | 19 ± 5 | −0.5 | 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 5.8 | 29 | [37] |
Membrane fluidity | ↑ | 24 | n.a. | n.a. | −1.6 | n.a. | n.a. | 36 | [65] |
Membrane fluidity external | ↓ | 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. | 0.3 | n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Membrane fluidity in submitoch. particles | ↓ | 30 | n.a. | n.a. | −2.3 | n.a. | n.a. | 30 | [66] |
Membrane fluidity internal | ↓ | 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. | 0.8 | n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Na+/K + −ATPase activity | ↓ | 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. | −6.0 | n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
Na+/K + −ATPase activity female | ↓ | 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 | −8.5 | 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
Na+/K + −ATPase activity male | ↓ | 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 | −7.3 | 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
NO production | ↑ | 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. | 6.3 | n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
NO production female | ↑ | 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 | 4.5 | 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
NO production male | ↑ | 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 | 6.5 | 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
ONOO − production | ↑ | 100 | 68 ± 7 | n.a. | 6.8 | n.a. | 65 ± 9 | 50 | [44] |
ONOO − production female | ↑ | 60 | 72 ± 7 | 18 ± 2 | 8.4 | 29 ± 1 | 70 ± 8 | 25 | [45] |
ONOO − production male | ↑ | 40 | 66 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 | 8.1 | 29 ± 2 | 63 ± 4 | 25 | [45] |
Phospholipase A2 activity | ↓ | 16 | 70 ± 11 | n.a. | −0.9 | n.a. | 63 ± 10 | 13 | [67] |
Phospholipase A2 activity | ↓ | 21 | 75 ± 7 | 14 ± 9 | −1.6 | 28 ± 2 | 73 ± 5 | 17 | [68] |
Phospholipase A2 activity | ↓ | 11* | 73 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 | −0.7 | 28 ± 2 | 73 ± 5 | 17 | [68] |
Phospholipase A2 activity | ↑ | 37 | 73 ± 6 | 19 ± 5 | 0.3 | n.a. | 72 ± 5 | 27 | [69] |
Phospholipase A2 activity | ↓ | 44 | 75 ± 7 | 19 ± 5 | −0.6 | 28 ± 4 | 75 ± 7 | 66 | [70] |
Phospholipase A2 activity | ↓ | 59* | 72 ± 6 | 27 ± 3 | −0.6 | 28 ± 4 | 75 ± 7 | 66 | [70] |
Phospholipase C delta protein and activity | ↓ | 10 | 81 ± 1 | 1 ± 2 | −3.4 | 1 ± 2 | 80 ± 2 | 10 | [71] |
Serotonin [c] | ↓ | 22 | n.a. | n.a. | −1.5 | n.a. | n.a. | 20 | [72] |
Serotonin [c] | ↑ | 57 | n.a. | n.a. | 1.0 | n.a. | n.a. | 20 | [73] |
Tau high molecular weight/monomeric tau | ↑ | 15 | 81 | 15 | 1.6 | 28 | 68 | 10 | [24] |
TRAP-induced CD62P expression [%] | ↓ | 23 | 70 ± 8 | n.a. | −1.2 | n.a. | 60 ± 10 | 17 | [74] |