A) HSP90 inhibitors | |||
---|---|---|---|
Compound | Disease model | Readout | Reference |
Geldanamycin | Drosophila melanogaster | • Hsp70 levels | Auluck et al. 2002 [167] |
• Toxicity | |||
Cell model | • α-synuclein aggregation | McLean et al. 2004 [168] | |
• α-synuclein and chaperone levels | |||
• Toxicity | |||
Drosophila melanogaster | • α-synuclein aggregation | Auluck 2005 et al. [169] | |
• Hsp70 levels | |||
• Toxicity | |||
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | • Oxidative stress | Flower et al. 2005 [170] | |
• Cytochrome c release | |||
Cell model | • Intracellular and extracellular α-synuclein levels | Liu et al. 2009 [171] | |
• Neurite length | |||
• Toxicity | |||
Cell model | • α-synuclein aggregation | Emmanouilidou et al. 2010 [172] | |
• Proteasome activity | |||
• Levels of poly-ubiquitinated proteins | |||
17-AAG | Cell model | • Extracellular α-synuclein oligomers | Danzer et al. 2011 [46] |
• Extracellular α-synuclein and Hsp70 levels | |||
Cell model | • α-synuclein oligomers | Putcha et al. 2010 [45] | |
• α-synuclein and Hsp70 levels | |||
• Toxicity | |||
Cell model | • α-synuclein aggregation | Riedel et al. 2010 [173] | |
• Chaperone levels | |||
• Macroautophagy markers | |||
• Toxicity | |||
SNX compounds | Cell model | • α-synuclein oligomers | Putcha et al. 2010 [45] |
• α-synuclein and Hsp70 levels | |||
• Toxicity | |||
B) Enhancers of HSF-1 | |||
Compound | Disease model | Readout | Reference |
Carbenoxolone | Cell model | • α-synuclein aggregation | Kilpatrick et al. 2013 [174] |
• α-synuclein and chaperone levels | |||
• HSF-1 localization | |||
C) Chemical chaperones | |||
Compound | Disease model | Readout | Reference |
Trehalose | Cell model | • α-synuclein levels | Sarkar et al. 2007 [175] |
• Macroautophagy markers | |||
In vitro assays | • α-synuclein aggregation | Yu et al. 2012 [176] | |
Mannitol | In vitro assays, Drosophila melanogaster, α-synuclein transgenic mice | • α-synuclein aggregation | Shaltiel-Karyo et al. 2013 [177] |
• α-synuclein and Hsp70 levels | |||
• Behavioral deficits | |||
• Toxicity | |||
Mannosylglycerate | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | • α-synuclein aggregation | Faria et al. 2013 [178] |
• α-synuclein and chaperone levels | |||
• Toxicity | |||
4-phenylbutyrate | α-synuclein transgenic mice | • Phosphorylated α-synuclein | Ono et al. 2009 [179] |
• Dopamine levels | |||
• Behavioral deficits | |||
• Toxicity |