Table 3 Summary of studies involving the inoculation of extracellular vesicles

C57BL/6 mice; 3-4 m

1 m & 2 m PI

Exosomes derived from neuronally-differentiated, human iPSCs contain human tau-RD-LM-YFP; 2.5 µg

Unilateral;

Hippocampus

(A/P = -2.0 mm, L =  + 1.5 mm, D/V = -1.3 mm)

0.5 µl/min

NFT-like

Ipsilateral thalamic nuclear regions (TH), piriform/entorhinal (Pir/EC) cortices and contralateral CA1

[163]

C57BL/6); 2 m

5w PI

Exosomes derived from neuronally-differentiated, human iPSCs from fAD patient harbouring an A246E mutation to PS1; 1.34 µg

Bilateral;

Hippocampus

(A/P = -2.0 mm, L =  ± 1.75 mm, D/V = -1.75 mm)

NA

Inclusions

No propagation

[12]

ALZ17 mice (2N4R; WT; C57BL/6); 3 m

6 m PI

4-6 m old WT mice; 2.5 µg

Bilateral;

Hippocampus CA1

(A/P = -2.5 mm, L =  ± 2 mm, D/V = -1.8 mm)

0.25 µl/min

No pathology

NA

[13]

6 m PI

4-6 m old rTg4510 mice; 2.5 µg

Oligomeric tau inclusions

Stratum radiatum, Schaffer collateral fibers from the CA3 to CA1 region

C57BL/6 mice; 18-19 m

4.5 m PI

Human AD brain (frontal cortex) derived EVs; 0.0003 µg

Unilateral;

Hippocampus DG

(A/P = -2.18 mm, L =  ± 1.13 mm, D/V = -1.9 mm)

NA

Inclusions

Both ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampal region including the CA1, CA3, dentate granule cells, subgranular zone, and hilus

[131]

Human prodromal AD brain (frontal cortex) derived EVs; 0.0003 µg

THY-tau30; 1 m

1 m PI

AD BD-EVs

2 mL; 6 × 10⁹ vesicle

Bilateral;

Hippocampus DG

(A/P = − 2.5 mm, L =  ± 1 mm, D/V = − 1.8 mm)

0.2 mL/min

NFT-like

CA1

[99]

PSP BD-EVs

2 mL; 6 × 10⁹ vesicle

No pathology

NA

PiD BD-EVs

2 mL; 6 × 10⁹ vesicle

No pathology

NA