Fig. 2

TsSP induce pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in human monocytes. Primary human monocytes were cultured for 2 or 16 h in the presence or absence of TsSP (40 μg/ml) after which various pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators were determined by (a-e) real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and presented as relative expression (FI: fold induction) compared to GAPDH, by (f-i) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cell supernatants (16 h) or by (j) dihydrorhodamine (DHR) flow cytometric assay to determine ROS (16 h). Experiments were performed in triplicate using cells derived from 5 different human donors and results are presented as the mean +/− SEM. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as determined by Students t test