Personalized identification and characterization of genome-wide gene expression differences between patient-matched intracranial and extracranial melanoma metastasis pairs

Table 2 Summary of in-depth literature analysis of gene candidates that were also found to be differentially expressed in at least two of the closely related melanoma studies

Gene	’\(+\)’	’−’	Support	Biological function	Cancer association	References
MEOX2	0	15	F, B	transcription	Promotes apoptosis by PI3K/Akt pathway in laryngeal cancers	[45]
FGF7	1	13	F, B	cell growth	Inhibition leads to inhibition of cell proliferation in cervical cancer	[46]
DPT	2	13	F, C	cell adhesion	Metastasis predictor of oral and endometrial cancer, regul. tumor invasion and metastasis	[47, 53]
LAMP3	0	11	F, B	immune response	LAMP3\(^+\) dendritic cells associated with cancer	[50]
CILP	1	11	F, C	signal transduction	Immune infiltration in breast cancer metastasis	[48]
TMEM119	0	11	F, B, C	immune response	Facilitates ovarian cancer cell proliferation, promotes gastric cancer cell migration	[49, 54]
PMP2	11	2	F, B	transport	Drives melanoma cell invasion	[51]
GLDN	11	0	F, C	cell adhesion	Mutation in melanoma	[52]

The first column shows the gene name. The second and the third column show the number of patients where a specific gene was predicted by the HMM to have increased ’\(+\)’ or decreased ’−’ in expression in the intra- compared to the extracranial metastasis of patient-matched metastasis pairs. The fourth column lists the related studies (F: Fischer et al. [26], B: Biermann et al. [22] and C: Chen et al. [18]) where the gene was also reported as a gene candidate that distinguishes intra- from extracranial metastases. The expression changes of the genes in the intracranial metastases of the three related studies were the same as those found for the majority of our patients, except for PMP2 and GLDN for which the expression behavior in the single-cell study from Biermann et al. [22] differed. The fifth column summarizes the biological function of the genes. The sixth and seventh column show known connections to cancer and melanoma along with corresponding references

ISSN: 2051-5960